George W. Bush and Darth Vader Essay Example for Free

George W. pubic hair and Darth Vader EssayMore often than not when examine two characters, whether one be real and the other fabricated, we come up with both similarities and differences between them. Seldom however do these similarities and differences between a fictional character and a person from the real world become so glaring that such comparison consequentially provide a substantial realization. unitary of such seldom case is the comparison of George W. supply and Darth Vader. This paper bequeath venture on comparing both characters and at the end provide a realization of such comparison. The two mentioned personalities need no introduction hearing these names allow immediately give us an image of them in our heads. George W. bush is the current president of the United States. Darth Vader on the other hand is the popular character in the Star Wars movies. On first instance it may attend that a comparison between these two personalities is absurd. This paper howeve r entrust show us that such comparison is not without realization. It is submitted that on r be occasion seemingly trivial things such as comparison of Bush and Vader can in feature provide us with a realization far bring out than any other concept we construct.To outline this paper will proceed on first stressing the similarities of both characters, then proceed with its differences and eventually state the realizations do through the conclusion Their Similarities Leaders The most obvious similarity between Vader and Bush is that they argon both leaders. Leaders in their own respect Bush lead a nation and Vader leads an army. More worth noting in this similarity is not alone the occurrence that both are leaders but the fact that both digest the same centering of booster cable. Vader and Bush exercise an attitude of strength in leadership that they do not think of casualties they however have the end in mind.Like the war in Iraq started by George W. Bush he was fearless in proceeding with such war even if he knew what it would cost. His ratings of popularity went down and the economy of his nation went down with it. Whenever one comes to war inevitably lives are put on the line. Bush was not hesitant in picnic young military soldiers lives on the line in order for him to chance on his goal and win his war on Iraq. The same ideology is shared by Darth Vader. Darth Vader always has a goal or a mission to accomplish. The ruthless use of his army to achieve his directives are clearly gleaned inside his personality.In this type of leading we find the similarity between George W. Bush and Darth Vader. They both seem to share the ideology that making sacrifices in order to achieve a goal is necessary. They also have utter disregard for the cost and the consequences as long as they achieve this goal this is their way of leading. This is the kind of leading we see in the Star Wars Movies by Darth Vader and the kind of leading we see in America by George W. Bush. It is therefore submitted that because they have the same kind of ideology of leadership the result of their leadership hypothetically are the same.The end of Darth Vader has already been seen this type of leadership resulted in failure. The present administration of Bush has not barely ended but the seeming similarity of leadership ideology with Darth Vader can provide us with a reasonable conclusion that the administration of Bush will end in failure. The Saga Journal as proof of Vaders leadership provides George Lucas has succeeded in creating one of the greatest cautionary tales for the aspiring leader in his portrait of Darth Vaders devastating reign of terror.Darth Vader embodies traits that make most contemporary leadership scholars cringe. (Cited in Michelle Drum, The Saga Journal) Perceived as Villains Another similarity between these two personalities is that legion(predicate) of us perceive them as baddies. Villains in their own chasten majority of the people s ee both George W. Bush and Darth Vader as villains. Darth Vader very much bid George W. Bush were not always perceived as Villains. They were first considered as heroes. George W. Bush could not have been president if the people did not think of him as a hero.He won the election two times. This is only proof that beforehand George W. Bush was perceived as a villain he was considered as a hero. The same is authentic for Darth Vader. Darth Vader was not immediately Darth Vader before his transition to such character. He was the young and promising Anakin Skywalker his views were moral and he had a trustworthy guts of justice. This however changed because of the circumstances as provided in the movie. This only means that sometimes the famous quote in the batman movie might be true sometimes we see ourselves a hero long enough to become the villain.This is the similar circumstance of both Bush and Vader. In one of the articles of the National intelligence operation it provided th e perception of Bush being a villain as it said According to an Associated Press-AOL News poll, professorship Bush is both the number one villain and the number one hero of 2006. (cited in Two Sided Coin for Bush Villain and Hero By Cathy Gill) Powerful The final similarity this paper will provide from all the similarities of these two characters is their power. There is no doubt that both George W. Bush and Darth Vader are very much powerful in every sense of the word.George W. Bush being the President of the United States of America and Darth Vader being the leader of the imperial army. Vader being perceived as powerful in an article in USA Today as it said Not only is Vader powerful, hes sexy, says David Prowse, who appears as Vader in the first three films and has made thousands of appearances as Vader in costume. (Cited in existent Life into Vader by Mike Snider) Their Differences Their Rise to Power Though it is granted that both George Bush and Darth Vader are powerful th ey however differ in the modality of their rise to power.Darth Vader used pure brute force in order to be the leader of the imperial army. He had to lean to the dark side in order to achieve this goal. George Bush on the other hand rose into power through the mandate of the American people. Bush rose into power because of his will and the will of the people. Darth Vader on the other hand had to search and conquer this power by himself. This difference in their rise of power gives us an insight on how they held this power. Darth Vader could hold his power until he wished to abandon it. Bush on the other hand is bound by the limits of mandate given to him.He can only have the power of being a chief executive according to the period of time given to him. This gives us an insight on why Bush tries his best to stay in power trance Vader needlessly and calmly enjoys his power. This is because Vaders power is not bound by any limits. Vader Quick on His Feet, Bush Not so Much Darth Vader even as a youngster known to be Anakin Skywalker has always been quick on his feet. His reflexes during his time were comparable to(predicate) to no one. Bush on the other hand has admitted that he might not be as quick on his feet than most people.This is reflected on the way Darth Vader and President Bush makes decisions. Darth Vader is ruthless and quick on making decisions. President Bush has apparently a considerable amount of thinking time before he can make a decision. This spells a very diametrical effect of their leadership. Darth Vader being quick on his feet can easily command his subordinates and they catch him without question. The delay on the decision making however of President Bush spells a different story because of such his subordinates may not follow him right away and might even question his decisions.Bush Democracy, Vader Dictatorship The most important difference between these two personalities however lie in the fact that Bush leads through a democratic c onstruction while Vader in every sense of the word is a dictator. This brings us to the question which kind of structure is more effective is it the democratic structure or the dictatorship? Dictatorship brings obedience, order and an unquestionable authority. Democracy however gives freedom for every individual. It is submitted that both structures have their advantages and disadvantages.It is further submitted however that ruling a democratic structure like the task of President Bush is much more difficult than ruling in a dictatorship like Darth Vader. In an article in the LA Times President Bush advocated this democracy as the article said President Bush made good Thursday on his inaugural vow to push for democracy around the world. (Cited in Bush Democracy Vows May pee Time to Bear Fruit by Sonni Efron) Conclusion The similarities and the differences between the two personalities having been discussed we now proceed to the realizations this paper has to offer.George Bush and Darth Vader are two very different personalities. In fact one lives in the real world while one finds existence in a fictional movie. They are both leaders, they are both powerful and they are both perceived by many as leaders. On the other hand they differ on their rise to power, rapidness in decisions and the structure where they lead. The most important thing we have to realize out of this comparison is the simple fact that Darth Vaders story has already been told while George Bushs story is still unraveling.This only means that we can learn from what happened to Darth Vader and necessarily imbue it with the unraveling of the story of George Bush. This will give us a reasonable conclusion on how George Bushs story will end. The relevance of knowing how George Bushs story will end is that if we are aware of the end then we can prepare for this end that we foresee. Works Cited Michelle Drum, The Saga Journal Two Sided Coin for Bush Villain and Hero By Cathy Gill, celestial latitu de 29, 2006 Breathing Life into Vader by Mike Snider, April 22, 2005 Bush Democracy Vows May Take Time to Bear Fruit by Sonni Efron, February 25, 2005

The Project DB Essay Example for Free

The Project DB EssayProject Planning entails a lot of complexities most especially when the go for at hand is sooner complicated and limited in nature particularly in time constraints. Nevertheless, there are specific tools designed to facilitate manageable and easy project planning possible. Such tools may be classified according to the nature of the project handled. For small to medium sized projects, tools such as Gantt Charts, Critical pass Analysis, Program Evaluation Technique (PERT), and Planning Cycle may be used. While planning large projects may employ the use of the tools such as Planning Management Methodologies, Stakeholder Analysis, and Stakeholder Management. Among these, the commonly used are the Gantt Charts, Critical Path Analysis, and PERT. All these three requires Work Breakdown Structure.Gantt chart (designed by Henry Gantt) is precise useful in the sense that it is much easier to construct and understand. The activity in relationship to time is immediat ely obvious unlike the other tools. Its value is slowly recognized as it is less complex to look at.While Critical Path Analysis or CPM and PERT are both powerful tools, the firstly one identifies which tasks should be done on time to complete the project on time, at the same time, identifies which tasks can afford to have delay in time still completing the project on time.Thus, CPM identifies the shortest possible time to complete the project, the resources needed, and the most efficient way of shortening the time. PERT is a slight change on CPM. It makes use of quite skeptical view of time for each project stage. The optimistic, pessimistic, and most likely time is indeed helpful to prevent biases from unrealistically short time-scales assumptions.Hence, in my own point of view, I personally prefer to use CPM since it has a lot of advantages over the others considering that it can present the early and slowly completion of the project with respect to the time allotted to comp lete the project.Works Cited PageProject Planning Management Tools. 15 July 2008. Mind Tools Affiliate Program.03 Aug. 2008. http//www.mindtools.com/critpath.html

Pip and Magwitch Essay Example for Free

finish up and Magwitch EssayThroughout the novel Great Expectations the lector will find that Magwitch plays a significant role to the plot of story. Not only does Dickens use Magwitch to form the main foundation of the story he similarly uses the character to convey Dickenss view on important themes such as crime, punishment, social status and betrayal. In this presentation I will explore the ways in which Magwitch is presented and talk to the highest degree and his significance in the novel. We are first introduced to Magwitch in chapter one. The reader becomes familiar with the character Pip we learn he is a child who is alone in the graveyard and is mourning over the death of his family. The reader knows that not only would this upset Pip, it could make him feel shake up because as a child you are dependant on your family members to keep you safe. He makes it sound as if Pip was recalling what it felt like to be a child, like when we get the impression that he could su ck up been exaggerating about wilderness and so on before him. An image is described, such as the low heavy(a) line beyond and this then is revealed as what it actually is the river.This gives the effect that not only Pip is confused and lost by his surroundings but also and therefore scared and intimidated by them. Dickens delivers Pips emotions cleverly because there is no direct reference to how he is feeling at first. This is very better building up to the shock of first meeting Magwitch. The writer uses direct speech for his first words, which come out suddenly, at no particular get-go point and with impression that they are loud He says Hold your noise. which sounds at first so abrupt it could be almost like he is move to save Pip, that he fears for Pip too.We then read on to see how Magwitch is presented physically. He is wet and muddy, and is described as creation stung by nettles, so he obviously does not look after himself properly. He is shivering and limping, so he may be unwell as well as cold. His shoes are broken and he has no hat or proper clothes which shows he cannot afford them. He has a very folksy way of speaking, and is eager to see the scrap of food he finds on Pip, so this also shows that he is poor and working class. This could be because, or the results of being a criminal. The first chapter is important we now know exactly what Magwitch looks like and how he is presented.As mentioned in the introduction, Magwitch is significant in the plot. The fact that he appears in the very first chapter makes us assume he is a main character, even though he does not reappear until later in the accommodate when the reader either has completely forgotten about him or thinks it is very unlikely that he will appear again with the current story line, specially as at the end of chapter three it says the last I ever heard of him. When he does make his unexpected reappearance in Chapter thirty-nine, he reveals newsworthiness that causes him to become the centre of almost every aspect of the story line.By the end of Chapter fifty-four and when mysteries are revealed and loose ends tied we come to realise that Magwitch is in some way connected to every character. Pip, obviously because of the money he gives that cause him to become wealthy and middle-class. His lost past with Molly and Estella, his daughter, who was adopted by Miss Haversham. as well as he is connected to Joe because it was his whittles and file he used to set him free. Perhaps he is connected to Mrs Joe because he murdered her. When Magwitch dies during chapter fifty-six, it impacts the plot and the characters, especially Pip.Magwitch influences other characters, especially Pip and sometimes they influence him too. Had it not been for Magwitch the way people behaved may have been very different We do not know much about Pip before he meets Magwitch, but afterwards we find him to be cautious, for example how nervous he was when he meets Miss Haversham. T his could have been a perdurable effect from his fears upon first meeting Magwitch. Pip may have been so shocked by the way that the poor lived that he becomes even more set(p) to become a gentleman. It gave him an insight to the lives of the very poor.In chapter three Magwitch seems to wait all night just for the food Pip has brought him. Pip may have recognised his determination and perhaps used this will when he is seeking Estella as his wife later during the book. Magwitch may have been so grateful towards Pip that it made him feel like he should try and become a better person. Both Pip and Magwitch taught each other that you should not always be judgmental. For Pip, it was that he was at first very afraid of Magwitch and thought he was going to be scary. Later on he realises that he only was behaving in a threatening way because he was hungry and desperate for food.

Estimation of Tramadol Hydrochloride and Diclofenac Sodium

Estimation of Tramadol Hydrochloride and Diclofenac Sodium differential Spectrophotometric Method for Estimation of Tramadol Hydrochloride and Diclofenac Sodium in Pharmaceutical Dosage FormPekamwar S. S., Kalyankar T. M, Lokhande M. V.ABSTRACTPurpose Tramadol is opioid anal retrieveic and diclofenac is NSAID and argon utilise in severe to leave pain management. Combination of Tramadol and Diclofenac drugs were approved by FDA to market in India with a dose of 50 mg for TRA and 75 mg DIC separately. Method The employed regularity is based on first order derived spectrophotometry. Wavelengths 278.7 nm and 281.7 nm were selected for the estimation of the Tramadol and Diclofenac respectively by taking the first order derivative spectra. The concentrations of both drugs were determined by proposed method. The results of analysis have been authorise statistically and by recovery studies as per ICH guidelines. Result Both the drugs obey Beers law in the concentration range of 5-30 g mL-1 and 5-45 g mL-1 with regression 0.9997 and 0.9990, intercept- 0.0008 and 0.0062 and slope- 0.004 and 0.0316 for TRA and DIC respectively. The accuracy and reproducibility results are constraining to coulomb% with 2% RSD. Conclusion A simple, accurate, precise, sensitive and economical procedures for simultaneous estimation of Tramadol and Diclofenac in oral contraceptive pill loony toons form have been developed mainstay words Tramadol, Diclofenac, First order derivative spectrophotometry, ICH guidelines, Validation, FDAIntroductionTramadol Hydrochloride (TRA) is a synthetic 4-phenylpiperidine analogue of codeine. chemically it is cis -2-(dimethylamino) methyl-1-(3 methoxyphenyl) cyclohexanol hydrochloride (Figure-1), is a centrally acting opioid analgesic, indicated in the treatment of moderate to severe pain. TRA is utilize to treat postoperative (dental, cancer etc.) pain, treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, restless legs syndrome, motor neuron disease and fibromyalgia and as an adjuvant to NSAID therapy 1-8.Chemically Diclofenac Sodium (DIC) is 2-2-(2, 6- dichlorophenyl) amino phenyl acetic acid (Figure -2), is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drug. DIC gives anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic action thought the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX). DIC is used in acute to chronic treatment of signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis 9-19.Tramadol (50 mg) and Diclofenac (75 mg) combining, resulting central and peripheral analgesia a balanced analgesia used in wider spectrum of pain management. In the books survey it was found that various analytical methods involving spectrophotometry 1-4, HPLC (High-performance liquid chromatography) 5-7, stability-indicating RP-HPLC (Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography) 8, and GC/MS (Gas chromatography- mass spectrophotometry) 7 have been report for TRA in single form and in combination with other drugs. Several ana lytical methods have been reported for DIC in single form and in combination with other drugs including spectrophotometry 9-12, HPLC 13-16, RP-HPLC 17,18, and LC-MS (Liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry) 19.Extensive literature survey reveals that derivative spectrophotometric method is yet not reported for simultaneous determination of TRA and DIC in tablet dosage form. In the present work an attempt is being made to develop simple, precise, accurate and reproducible first-order derivative UV- spectrophotometric method for simultaneous estimation of TRA and DIC in combined dosage form.Materials and MethodsApparatus and InstrumentsThe instrument used in the present study was UV- spectrophotometer UV-1800 (Shimadzu, Japan) with spectral bandwidth of 2 nm and 10 mm a matched quartz cell was used. every last(predicate) weighing was done on Digital balance (Anamed).Chemicals and ReagentsAnalytically pure drug sample of TRA and DIC was kindly provided by Supriya Lifescience Ltd. (Mumbai, India) and J.B. Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (Gujarat, India) respectively. The pharmaceutical dosage form used in this study was unavailable in market but has been approved by the FDA to market in India. So this bilayer (Core) tablets manufactured in develop of Pharmacy, S.R.T.M. University, Nanded, tagged to contain 50 mg of TRA and 75 mg of DIC. All chemicals (AR grade) were purchased from RANKEM, Delhi, India.Preparation of step stock solutionsAccurately weighed 10 mg of TRA and DIC transferred to two separate 100 mL volumetric flasks. Added sufficient methanol and sonicated for 5 min. and volume was made upto 100 mL with methanol. 1 mL of the stock solution was further reduce to 10 mL with methanol to get a working standard solution of concentration 10 g mL-1 of both TRA and DIC and scanned in the wavelength range of 200-400 nm.First-Order Derivative Spectroscopic Method 20, 21Working standard solution of concentration 10 g mL-1 of both TRA and DIC were scanned in spectrum mode between 400-200 nm victimisation methanol as a blank. Then zero order spectrums of both the drugs were transformed mathematically into their individual first order derivative spectrum and first derivative overlain of both the drugs were obtained in 400-200 nm which is shown in figure 3, figure 4 and figure 5.It was observed that wavelengths selected for quantification of both the drugs were 281.7 nm for TRA and 271.7 nm for DIC in such a way that at zero crossing of one drug another drug shows substantial absorbance (Zero crossing method). Therefore these two wavelengths were employed for the estimation of TRA and DIC without every interference. The calibration curves were plotted at these two wavelengths.Preparation of Sample Stock SolutionContents of twenty tablets were weighed accurately and powdered. Powder equivalent to 50 mg of TRA and 75 mg of DIC was weighed and dissolved in 50 mL of methanol with the aid of ultrasonication for 5 min. The solution was filt ered through Whatman filter paper no. 41 to a 100 mL volumetric flask. Filter paper was washed with methanol, adding washings to the volumetric flask and volume was made up to the mark with methanol to get sample stock solution which was further diluted with methanol to get final concentration of solution (TRA 10 g mL-1 and DIC 15 g mL-1 ) in the linearity range.Results and DiscussionsLinearity and rangeA standard stock solution was prepared for both TRA and DIC they were serially diluted to yield six for TRA and nine for DIC standard solutions. For UV spectrophotometric method, linearity was obtained in concentration range of 5-30 g mL-1 and 5-45 g mL-1 with regression 0.9997 and 0.9990, intercept- 0.0008 and 0.0062 and slope 0.004 and 0.0316 for TRA and DIC respectively. The results are depicted in table1.Accuracy and precisionTo observe the accuracy of the proposed methods, recovery studies were carried out by standard addition method at three different levels (80%, 100% and 120 %) as per ICH guidelines. Known fall of pure TRA and DIC were added in preanalyzed powder of tablet formulation and analysis was carried out by proposed method for recovery at each level and % recovery, SD, % RSD was calculated. Results of recovery studies are shown in Table 2. The accuracy and reproducibility is evident from the data as results are close to 100 % and the value of standard deviation and % R.S.D. were found to be SpecificityThe proposed method was found to be specific as there is no interference from other excipients.Results of analysis of tablet formulationAnalysis of formulated tablet was carried out and the amounts recovered were expressed as percentage amount of tablet claim. The percentage recovery for TRA is 100.521.486 and DIC is 99.570.555 respectively. The proposed methods was evaluated by the assay (n = 6) of formulated tablets containing TRA and DIC. The results of assay are presented in Table 3.LOD and LOQLOD was found to be 0.0686 g mL-1and 0.155 g mL-1 for TRA and DIC respectively. LOQ was found to be 0.2081 g mL-1 and 0.4719 g mL-1 for TRA and DIC respectively. The results of LOD and LOQ are shown in table 4.ConclusionThe first-order derivative spectrophotometric method has been developed for simultaneous determination of TRA and DIC in combined dosage form. The developed and validated first order derivative spectrophotometric method is simple, economic, accurate and reproducible. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines in terms of linearity, specificity, accuracy, precision, limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ). The proposed validated method can be utilized for routine analysis and quality control assay of TRA and DIC in combined dosage form.AcknowledgmentsThe authors are very thankful to Supriya Lifescience Ltd., Mumbai and J.B. Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gujarat, India for providing Tramadol Hydrochloride and Diclofenac sodium respectively as gift samples of pure drugs. Authors are also ve ry thankful to School of Pharmacy, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded, Maharashtra, India for providing all the necessary facilities to complete research work very successfully.Conflict of interestThe authors report no conflicts of interest.

The Tokugawa Ancestral Law Of Seclusion History Essay

The Tokugawa Ancestral Law Of Seclusion History EssayThere is widespread agreement in conventional western and Nipponese historiography of Tokugawa Japan that during the period 1630 to 1853, the Japanese empire was completely sequesterd from the rest of the world. Discussions have highlighted the various edicts in the 1630s which on the surface were intentional with a secluding purpose in mind, yet despite evidence of the limitations in trade and access as healthful as the expulsion of Catholics, there is positive evidence which would support an alternative viewpoint. Kazui considers that the term sakoku the most popular term to describe Japanese international dealing during the Tokugawa period, since Engelbert Kaempfers works were translated, is in fact not of Japanese origin and its existent definition closing the awkward diverges from the facts.1The contemporary term used to refer to the policy was kaikin meaning maritime restriction, appears more relevant when consid ering evidence of continued trade and diplomatic relations in the period. Historians have comm just now come to describe the orthogonal policies and practices of Tokugawa rulers as based on privateness and the widespread usage of the term Sakoku has arguably led to the misinterpretation and generalisation of Tokugawa extraneous relations. The main historical focus has been limited to the role of Christianity demonstrating an intolerance to western religion and of the port of Nagasaki as the only window to the world during the period, yet Ronald Toby and other recent scholars have examined the issue from a broader perspective including character reference to the context of Japans North East Asian relations with China, Korea and Ryukyu and other examples of maintained foreign intercourse in order to give a clear brain of the characteristics of foreign exchange during the Edo period. Whether or not the Tokugawa Shogunate intended to seclude Japan from the rest of the world is deb ateable despite the fact that foreign relations were minimised, curiously with Europe. It is also considered that the fear of strangeness was actually implicated more with the West than Japans Asian neighbours. There must be an appreciation of the individual examples of foreign relations as well as the changing nature of Japans socio-cultural character as a whole. While the traditional historians of the period give evidence for the boldness that the ancestral law of retirement was blind drunkly observed, there are those who outline evidence refuting the claim that sakoku specify Japans foreign relations.The cultural and socio-political make-up of Japan was defined by a neo-Confucian feudal system ruled by provincial daimyo meaning self-sufficiency and a system of self-contained policy was naturally unploughed to during the period. Due to the nature of Tokugawa rule, contact with the outside world was seen as unnecessary, therefore foreign relations during the Tokugawa peri od are traditionally discussed in terms of developments in Japans European policy. This is understandable as there are two main connecting events which are easily identifiable as practical examples of a pattern of privacy in Tokugawa foreign relations the expulsion of the Portuguese in 1639 and the eradication of Christianity. The period is considered to be defined by privateness, yet this may have been collectible to a combination of fear concerning foreign elements in society and Bakufu concern for Japans traditional culture. The position of Christianity as a religion influenced from the outside world gradually became untenable as it was seen as a threat to Tokugawa legitimacy. Under the policies of Shogun Hideyoshi, the success European missionaries had enjoyed in Japan from 1600, effectively ended as the dynamics of Japanese politics were altered through anti-foreign and anti-Christian policies. The seclusion edicts led to Christianity being persecuted and finally crushed an example of the proposed Bakufu reaction against globoseisation.2The further example of the ban on Portuguese entrance into Japan makes it seem as though sakoku was observed at least in terms of securing the governances own cultural traditions. Yet by forbid the Portuguese and the removal of Christian influences shows the Bakufu leaders sought to eliminate only elements of unchecked intercourse such as the fear of foreign imperialism and Catholicism.3More booming elements of foreign relations remained as proven through the allowance of the Dutch into limited ports. In this perspective, historians have come to consider Tokugawa foreign policy as selective rather than a pursuit of total isolation.The discussion of the strictness of sakoku is not a straightforward one, as those historians who agree seclusion was observed disagree in their opinions concerning the benefits and meritoriousnesss of the system. Varley argues that from the 1630s, there was an identifiable policy of n ational seclusion which actually created the conditions for the Great Peace of more than two and a half centuries. Varley proposes the intention of the Bakufu differed from the literal definition of the 19th Century term sakoku it is conceivable that the law of seclusion was carried out in order to preserve national hegemony, At the time of its inception, the seclusion policy was more intended to establish a new international order in East Asia, with Japan at the centre than to seal the country off permanently from all but minimal ties with the outside world.4Furthermore, evidence of issueitiond productivity in the 17th Century, as a result of the policy, makes the seclusion laws seem more positive and not for purposes of isolation. Varley notes that different historiographical viewpoints consider the termination of intercourse with Western Europe along with the repressive feudal controls over its large number as arbitrary and reactionary and ignore the scotch and social benefit s to the measures. In this traditional perspective, the seclusion appears to have been simply for isolationist purposes yet the security of the regime was at stake and the Tokugawa rulers arguably needed to impose seclusion due to these threats. By considering that Japan took until the 19th Century to begin western style technical and scientific developments, the assumption that the seclusion policies were observed rigidly is plausible this must be true in several(prenominal) measure yet as Westerners fluid saw Japan as in the furthest extremity of the World and therefore inaccessible to an extent geographically, the advancements may not have been hampered by the proposed rigid observation of seclusion. Moreover Japan was not alone in acting as it did, but one of several countries of the Far East that minimised or dependent trade and cultural ties with the Western world in the 17th Century.As analysis has traditionally been focused on the restriction of European relations, Japan s diplomatic relations in Asia have largely been ignored, yet it becomes clear that generalisations about Japans foreign relations based on the exclusion of true people, are inadequate to beg off foreign policy with other Asian countries. For instance it is apparent that the Ieyasus edict expelling Catholics from Japan in 1639 cannot be regarded in the same light as other foreign policy. From the 1970s, Japanese and American historians have challenged the traditional view of a unique isolation policy by showing that Bakufu leaders unplowed Japan engaged with in trade and diplomacy, in order to emphasise the positive aspects of Japanese foreign policy specifically with neighbours in Northeast Asia. Ronald Toby, considers that an examination of Japans non-European relations highlights there was less discontinuity in Japanese relations in 1630s than is traditionally thought.5Trade and diplomatic relations in fact continued in Northeast Asia, with Korea, Ryukyu and China all engaged in intercourse with the Tokugawa Empire. In terms of the development of trade specifically, Kazui refers to the request by the Bakufu for the Dutch to supply silk to the Japanese markets soon after the exclusion of the Portuguese. In this respect, there was undoubtedly a selective motivation for the Edict expelling the Portuguese in 1609, yet as the Dutch were given trading rights instead, the practical observation of the seclusion laws are more complicated under the surface as trade prospered through certain ports. Therefore the term kaikin, meaning maritime restriction is more applicable to the historical context. Therefore, in practice, each Edict should be considered in their own merit and not as part of a general theme of intended isolation. The Bakufu knew that new relations were equally as important to its stability as the foreign relations which it terminated,6and by maintaining maritime trade relations with certain countries Japan recognized the advantages and disadvantag es to the countrys security, as well as its economical and cultural goals.Recent historiography concedes that some aspects of the Tokugawa ancestral law of seclusion may have been observed rigidly yet highlights that these aspects may have been consistent with Japanese economic relations at the time anyway. The attention to Bakufu political actions, both domestic and international, give a more concrete expression to the sense of legitimacy it was trying to foster.7Toby deduces that Japans foreign policy goals were influenced by consistent legitimising principles and it was these which were observed and not the proposed isolationist seclusion The Bakufu genuinely wanted to hold on to Japanese culture and perhaps were only minimally isolated but only because of the determination for legitimacy and security. The limit on foreign trade and ports was another practical means of satisfying the governments legitimisation goals and brought economic stability. The various examples of Japans c ontinued trade especially with its Northeast Asian neighbours and the Dutch, albeit from restricted ports, serve to invalidate the traditional view that that the seclusion laws were observed rigidly and were meant to isolate the country from the rest of the world. Granted, there are examples of changes in relations but these were in line with Bakufu goals in order to preserve national hegemony and secure Japans outdo economical interests.More recent historiography, both American and Japanese, is tremendously useful in examining the observance of the ancestral seclusion laws. It is arguable that a new contemporaries of historians are able to examine Japan without the traditional emphasis on the countrys failings in comparison with the Western development and focus on the Bakufus eagerness to increase certain imports and the selective process of Japans international commercial activity.8Ronald Toby highlights that the restraint on Japanese people from travelling abroad is also dispu ted in Japanese revisionist historiography, questioning a chief representation of proposed isolation in the period. A balanced interpretation of this matter would examine the foreign influence especially of the Dutch in the period, to undo the exaggerations, yet it is conceivable that this element of sakoku did exist the restrictions of movement under the Tokugawa reign were kept to as part of the fear of foreignness and was considered at the time to be vital to the great peace and unprecedented economic productivity. There is disproportionate historiographical emphasis on the importance of the arrival of the fall in States in 1853 making the opening of Japan seen more drastic than it actually was. Hellyer notes that Japan was able to be diplomatically and commercially engaged with foreign nations, The Edo-period system of foreign relations allowed Japanese leaders to remain flexible and pursue nuanced approaches to intercourse with the outside world.9If Japan was open to trade an d diplomatic relations hence the seclusion laws could not have been observed in terms of the closed definition of sakoku, as conservative historians propose. However, the policies of the 1630s, exterminating Christianity and blocking European access to trade ports rede a possibility that these differences were due to rigid observance of the seclusion laws. Yet the Tokugawa rulers limited and tightly controlled the access to political, economical, and ideological influences from the outside world, in particular, the West because they were concerned with the long term process of looking after Tokugawa legitimacy and not because they wanted to isolate Japan. It was these concerns which led to selective observance of elements of the seclusion laws as well as constant changes in diplomatic and trade practices. Furthermore, the stark differences between Japanese and Western development in the nineteenth century do add credibility to the more conservative scholars interpretations. Yet, t here are examples of other countries such as China which also fell behind in development, due to its global position. With an appreciation of the instances of continued and in some cases increased commercial activity, there is a strong argument that the law of seclusion was not detrimental and incomplete were its considered isolationist elements observed with any rigidity.

Compare And Contrast Two Successful Global Companies Commerce Essay

Comp be And Contrast Two Successful Global Companies Commerce EssayIn this paper we shall evaluate, compare and contrast 2 successful global companies UPS and virago.com. UPS is the worlds largest package delivery participation and a leading global provider of specialized transportation and logistics services (UPS, n.d.). It continues to diversify in its crossway offering. UPS is the third largest employer in the US and has been operating for the last 103 years. On the other hand, Amazon.com is one of the successful survivors of the inter scratch boom in the late 90s. By 2008 Amazon had nonplus a global brand with other 76 million active nodes accounts and had earned itself the reputation of offering earths biggest selection of books.Being a company that was founded in 1995, it is not surprising that Amazon.com is still led by its visionary go Jeffrey Bezos. Amazon.com has a small management core that co-ordinates a virtual/ saltation less organisational structure that has been necessitated by the nature of its business organisation. UPS on the other hand is run by a high gearly centralized management committee that is in the main organized into functions. At the global level we find business units. Both organizations though are structurally organized to enhance efficiency along their hang on chains. jibe to Lambert and Cooper (2000)One of the most signifi sack upt paradigm shifts of modern business management is that individual businesses no longer compete as solely autonomous entities, but rather as supply chains (p.65).Further, in this emerging competitive environment, the ultimate success of the single business go out depend on managements ability to integrate the companys intricate network of business relationships (Lambert Cooper, 2000). The two companies differ here in that whereas UPS owns most of its supply chain trading operations as epitomized by its 400,000 employees, 600 plus airplanes, more than 90,000 delivery trucks and 72,000 reta il outlets Amazon.com manages its supply chain through a network of partnerships with companies such as Toys R Us and Borders in the US, and Waterstones in the UK etc.Indeed, as new technologies provide opportunities to radically shift business and industry economics, the need to frame strategy and its executionhas become increasingly importantfor executives and entrepreneurs who are searching for opportunities to create and exploit game-changing innovations (Applegate, 2008, p.21).Information Technology (IT) has been central to both organizations though manifested differently in their strategies. For UPS, IT has been the potential transpose factor for the last decade. By building up their IT network and database capacity through such innovations as eLogistics and UPS OnLine Tools the company was able to redefine its core business through what Varian (2003) refers to as new combinations of productive means.The case for Amazon.com is different because it is an e-business where IT i s a fundamental component. Nevertheless, Amazon.com has been able to develop proprietary technologies with the functionality and features that simplify and improve there customer shopping experience. It is this that made the organisation to prosper while other dot-coms failed. Amazon.com has been able to achieve awareness, customer loyalty and repeat purchases, a form of customer lock-in According to Varian (2003) this tact by Amazon.com reduces dispersion of willingness to wear, which is a form of price discrimination and increases barriers to entry.When we look at the effect of Porters five forces to these two companies we are enabled to understand their strategical intents better. In the case of UPS we see a highly competitive industry with unattackable brands to compete against such as FedEx, DHL and US Postal Service. The few strong brand names, high fixed costs, trade tariffs and international regulations make entry into this industry difficult thus reducing threat of new e ntrants. Buyer great power is moderate in acrimony of the low switching costs for customers because individually they are too small to have an impact. Threat of substitutes is low considering that few competitors can match UPSs airfreight. The biggest threat for UPS comes in the form of strong supplier power. This is manifested through labor problems, fuel costs and capacity constraints for example UPS reported a fourth-quarter 2007 net loss of $2.58 billion mainly due to a $6.1 billion pension-related charge.For Amazon.com industry rivalry is also high especially with such competitors like eBay, Barnes Noble and Wal-Mart, high threat of substitutes from specialist e-commerce sites e.g. Apple iTunes store for music downloads and low power of suppliers such as publishers who find competition with online companies so expensive and challenging that they choose entering into partnerships. Though the capital expenditure required to enter into e-commerce is low Amazon.com has been able to reduce threat of new entrants through demand side benefits of scale, using of proprietary technologies, brand identity and effective and efficient distribution channels. According to Porter (2008)Demand side benefits of scale arise in industries where a buyers willingness to pay a companys product increases with the number of other buyers who also patronize the company (p.4)The future performance projections for UPS for at least the next five years should be high considering that the company has been able to successfully transform itself from one oriented towards becoming the leading package delivery company into an enablers of global e-commerce. In spite of this the company has also successfully maintained its strong culture that has made it have a low rate of employee turnover throughout its history. The firms commitment to uninterrupted development of game changing business models e.g. leasing its call center capacity to a customers, supporting and managing entire back-end systems for corporations like Nike etc, and its quick embracing of new technologies are bound to keep UPS very competitive for the near future.Amazon.com though is in a less predictable industry where disruptive technologies have the ability to change the entire industry overnight. Moreover, e-commerce aspiring entrants armed with new capacity and hungry for market share could easily ratchet up the investment required for Amazon.com to mollify in business (Porter, 2008) which is not the case for UPSs industry. Customers in this industry are also more fickle as their online experience evolves and could easily be displace to substitute offerings. Nevertheless, we cannot take away Amazon.coms relentlessly focus on customer experience and customer loyalty which enabled them survive the dot-com bubble burst. With the visionary founder till at the helm we should expect Amazon.com to maintain its competitive edge.

The Role of Wiglaf in Beowulf Essay -- Beowulf Wiglaf Essays

The Role of Wiglaf in BeowulfSeemingly minor character Wiglaf plays a central role in the conclusion of Beowulf. A young knight who has never before seen battle, Wiglaf steps forward to help his lord, hero, and cousin Beowulf in a time of peril. With his failure in battle and resulting death, the narrator shows that Beowulf is, after all, a prideful and mortal being thus begins the transfer of heroic status from the mature king to the young knight. The narrator argues that Wiglaf is worthy of his abruptly acquired status even though his intentions may seem questionable. The end of the poem devotes a significant marrow of lines to dialogue spoken by Wiglaf, signifying his newly crucial role in his kingdom and in the story. Inevitably, the noble youth progresses to a position of epic heroism, go on Beowulfs legacy and fulfilling his figurative role as the appraisewon,/ bought and paid for by Beowulfs death (2843-2844). Beowulfs strength fails him for the first tim e when he confronts the dragon. As he loses the futile battle that he pridefully insists on fighting alone, the narrative breaks from Beowulfs peril and focuses on Wiglaf. With wise and fluent words, (2632) Wiglaf delivers a soliloquy in the poem rivaled in length and power by Beowulf alone. Clearly, Wiglaf has something profound to add to the story as the narrator spends considerable time quoting his sentiments while Beowulf is assay to slay an angry dragon in the background. Like the knight in The Wanderer, Wiglaf recounts the happy days in the mead hall with longing, and wishes to serve his lord with all his strength. Without Beowulf, the knights would be displaced, lonely, and without purpose. To inspire his comra... ...m big and brave (2837). Wiglaf has truly lived up to the poets and to Beowulfs expectations. Upon Beowulfs death, he says, I give thanks / that I behold this treasure here in front of me, / that I have been allowed to leave my people / so w ell endowed (2795-2798). As most of the gold ends up ardent on the kings funeral pyre, it is likely that the treasure Beowulf speaks of is Wiglaf, himself. The young knight has proven his abilities and will certainly serve his people well. The poet explains that the treasure had been won, / bought and paid for by Beowulfs death (2843-2844). Wiglaf rises to the most significant role in the poem, as he achieves a level of heroism matched only by Beowulf in his jr. years. He proves to be the treasure that compensates the kings death, filling the resulting void in his kingdom and in the narrative.